![]() ![]() However, when youth defy stereotypes, they risk being targeted for bullying ( Peguero & Williams, 2011), which is consistent with research showing that individuals breaking stereotypes are routinely penalized socially ( Phelan & Rudman, 2010). In developing a positive and healthy sense of self, minority youth must also defy negative and/or unsubstantiated racial stereotypes and prejudices ( Cross Jr., 2003 Garcia Coll, et al., 1996). During adolescence, youth interact with environments outside the home more regularly, increasing their risk of experiencing discrimination. Adding further complexity to this period, minority children must resolve their racial-ethnic 1 identity and cultural orientation while learning to navigate both overt and subtle structural inequality and racial-ethnic discrimination ( Garcia Coll et al., 1996). English language proficiency was also associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms, implying a benefit of bilingualism.Īdolescence is a unique life phase marked by dramatic physical and psychological changes and an increased vulnerability to behavioral and emotional problems ( Costello, Copeland, & Angold, 2011). Korean language proficiency of youth was most notably predictive of a decrease in the number of depressive symptoms concurrently, longitudinally, and after controlling for previous levels of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a varying impact of racial-ethnic socialization on the multidimensional cultural orientations of youth. More specifically, parental racial-ethnic identity and pride discourage youth mainstream orientation, whereas cultural socialization in the family, as perceived by youth, increases ethnic orientation. The main findings include that racial-ethnic socialization is significantly associated with mainstream and ethnic cultural orientation among youth, which in turn influences depressive symptoms (but not antisocial behaviors). Using data from the Korean American Families (KAF) Project (220 youths, 272 mothers, and 164 fathers, N = 656), this study tested the relationships concurrently, longitudinally, and accounting for earlier youth outcomes. ![]() This study examined the interplay of parental racial-ethnic socialization and youth multidimensional cultural orientations to investigate how they indirectly and directly influence youth depressive symptoms and antisocial behaviors. ![]()
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